| radical,
radix |
Basic
form of a  logographic character. Example: one of the approximately
240 Chinese basic characters which represent categories
of sense, such as the character for 'wood' on the basis of which the
logograms for specific kinds of woods, trees etc. are constructed.
(b) See root. |
| raster
mode |
In
a computer, storage and display of data on a dense grid of pixels
arranged in columns and rows. Example: Satellite images are normally
stored in raster mode. Complementary term: vector mode. |
| receiver
language |
See
language, target. |
| receiver
script |
See
script, target. |
| record,
computer |
Computer-readable
collection of related data pertaining to a single topical
item and treated as a unit. Example: a single toponym and its related
data such as coordinates, date of ratification and origins. |
| rectangular
coordinates |
See
coordinates, rectangular. |
| retranscription |
Re-conversion
of a result of transcription into the source language. |
| retransliteration |
Re-conversion
of a result of transliteration into the source
script. See also reversibility. |
| reversibility |
A
characteristic of transliteration which permits a written
item to be converted from one script or writing
system into another, and subsequently to be reconverted back
into the source script, the result being identical with
the original. |
| romanization |
Conversion
from non-Roman into Roman script. Examples: Aèvá
Athina; Moc__a Moskva; _____ Bayr_t; __-À___
Tel-Aviv; _ _ _ Nihon. |
| romanization
key |
Table
listing the characters of a non-Roman script
together with corresponding letters of a Roman alphabet,
including diacritics as required. Examples: Roman š_
for Russian Cyrillic _; Roman ps for Greek Ø. Special case
of transliteration key. |
| root |
Reference
to a basic item in linguistics. Example: the stem from
which a word is derived, such as the cluster of three consonants
in Semitic words, e.g. n z l for nazala (Arabic 'descend') or y r
d for yarad ('descend' in Hebrew) and all their derivatives. |
| script |
A
set of graphic symbols employed in writing or printing a particular
language, differing from another set not only by typeface
or font. Groups of different scripts form writing
systems. Examples: Roman, Greek, Cyrillic, Arabic, Korean, Thai
and Hebrew scripts belong to the alphabetic writing system;
Amharic, Japanese Kana and Inuktitut (Eskimo) to the syllabic;
Chinese Han and Japanese Kanji to the logographic. |
| script,
alphabetic |
Script
belonging to the alphabetic writing system
in which a single letter or di- or trigraph
in principle represents a single phoneme or diphthong.
Examples: Roman, Greek, Cyrillic, Thai, Arabic and Hebrew are alphabetic,
but the latter two are defective, i.e. mainly consonant
scripts. In (alphabetic) Korean, letters are graphically organized
in roughly square syllabic units. |
| script,
consonant |
See
script, defective alphabetic. |
| script,
defective alphabetic |
Alphabetic
script in which the letters exclusively or predominantly represent
consonants, vowels being exclusively or primarily
represented by non-letter markers in the form of dots
or bars above, below or within the consonant letters.
Examples: Arabic and Hebrew. See also vowel marker. |
| script,
donor |
See
script, source. |
| script,
ideographic |
See
script, logographic. |
| script,
logographic |
A
script consisting of logograms and belonging
to the logographic writing system. Examples:
Chinese; Japanese Kanji. |
| script,
map |
See
map script. |
| script,
original |
See
script, source. |
| script,
receiver |
See
script, target. |
| script,
source |
A
script in terms of which a toponym is produced,
and on the basis of which it may be converted for use in another script
called target script. |
| script,
syllabic |
A
script belonging to the syllabic writing
system in which all, or the majority of, characters
each represent an entire syllable. Examples: Ethiopian Amharic;
Japanese Katakana and Hiragana; Inuktitut syllabics. Korean,
though alphabetic, is graphically and visually syllabic. |
| script,
target |
A
script into which a toponym may be converted
from its source script. See also transliteration.
Example: Roman script in the romanization of Greek. |
| segment |
In
linguistics, any discrete unit which can be identified
in the stream of speech. Examples: phonemes; consonants;
vowels. |
| semantics |
That
branch of linguistics which deals with meaning. |
| sequence
rules |
Rules
that indicate in which order words (e.g. toponyms in a
gazetteer) should be arranged with respect to the sequence of their
letters, syllabograms or logograms.
Problems may arise especially with letters omitted in the conventional
way of citing the alphabet or letters with markers
or diacritics such as , , , ß in German; ll or ñ
in Spanish as well as with hyphenated words. |
| short
form (of a name) |
In
toponymy, the abbreviated or short version of a name. Examples: China,
for People's Republic of China; Jordan, for The Hashemite Kingdom
of Jordan. Complementary term: long form. |
| short
title |
See
short form (of a name). |
| sign,
diacritical |
See
diacritic. |
| simplex
name |
See
name, simplex. |
| simplified
character |
see
character, simplified. |
| software |
Programs,
procedures and data associated with the operation of a
computer system. Complementary term: hardware. |
| source
language |
See
language, source. |
| source
script |
See
script, source. |
| specific
element |
That
part of a toponym which does not constitute a generic
term and which distinguishes it from others of the same feature
class. It may include an article and/or other linguistic
elements. Examples: Port Elizabeth; Rio Negro; Cape
of Good Hope. |
| speech |
An
oral manifestation of language. |
| speech
community |
A
group of people who communicate orally with relative ease in a common
language or dialect. |
| standard
language |
See
language, standard. |
| standardization |
(a)
The establishment, by an appropriate authority, of a specific set
of standards or norms, e.g. for the uniform rendering of toponyms.
(b) Rendering an item such as a toponym in accordance
with such norms. |
| standardization,
geographical names |
The
prescription by a names authority of one or more particular
names, together with their precise written form, for application
to a specific geographical feature, as well as the conditions
for their use. In a wider sense, standardization of toponyms. |
| standardization,
international, geographical names |
Activity
aimed at reaching maximum practical uniformity in the rendering
oral and written of all geographical names on Earth
(and in a wider sense, of toponyms of extraterrestrial
features), by means of (1) national standardization,
and/or (2) international convention, including the correspondence
between different languages and writing systems. |
| standardization,
national, geographical names |
Standardization
of geographical names within the area of a national entity
such as a state. |
| standardized
allonym |
See
allonym, standardized. |
| standardized
name |
See
name, standardized. |
| standardized
toponym |
See
name, standardized. |
| survey,
names |
See
survey, toponymic. |
| survey,
toponymic |
The
entire spectrum of activities involved in the collection, recording
and processing of toponyms in a specified area. |
| syllabary |
An
ordered set of syllabograms representing all syllables
of a particular language which uses syllabic script. Example:
the set of syllabograms of Japanese Katakana _, _,
_, _, _, _, _ for a, ka, sa, ta,
na, ha, ma, respectively, etc.; Inuktitut Ù, >, <, Ç, É, Ì for
pi, pu, pa, ti, tu, ta, etc. |
| syllabic
(as a noun) |
See
syllabogram. Predominantly used in the plural as syllabics. |
| syllabic
(as an adjective) |
Consisting
of or relating to syllables. |
| syllabic
script |
See
script, syllabic. |
| syllabification |
Division
of a word into syllables. Examples: Val-pa-ra-i-so; O-ban. |
| syllable |
Unit
of speech including (or consisting of) a single vowel
sound or vowel function, or a diphthong or a triphthong;
the first division of a word. Examples: Ge-no-va in Genova; Hei-del-berg
in Heidelberg; Br-no in Brno. |
| syllabogram |
Graphic
character representing a syllable in syllabic
script. |
| synonym |
Each
of two or more words which have approximately the same meaning. |
| syntax |
That
part of linguistics which deals with the mutual relations
between, and correct arrangement of, words in a sentence. |
